Eyelid Surgery

The eyes are the most revealing feature of the face. When engaged in conversation, our eyes are the center of attention. Puffiness, dark circles around the eyes or droopy upper eyelids give the appearance of fatigue and old age. In some individuals, the excess skin of the upper eyelids can actually obstruct the field of vision, which can be dangerous when driving. Surgery can remove the excess fat and drooping skin on the upper eyelids, minimize bags under the eyes and tighten the lower eyelid skin. The result is a fresh, youthful and more rested appearance. Men and women of all ages who want to improve their self-image receive eyelid surgery. For upper eyelid surgery, doctors remove excess skin that hides the natural folds of and hangs down from the upper eyelids. This procedure helps reduce puffiness in the upper eyelids that creates a tired look. The surgery of the lower eyelid involves removing extra skin and fine wrinkles and reduces puffy bags under the eyes as well as unsightly dark circles. In many instances, excess droopy skin on the upper eyelids causes a lowered eyebrow ridge. As we age, gravitational pull and decreased elasticity of the skin leads to a downward fall or ptosis of the eyebrows. Naturally occurring low set eyebrows are sometimes genetic, in which case an endoscopic forehead lift or brow lift is necessary. It is imperative, however, to address low eyebrows in addition to eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty) to avoid excision of excess skin of the upper eyelid. Returning the eyebrow to its aesthetic position decreases the amount of skin necessary for excision in the blepharoplasty. The surgeon conducts the procedure under light sedation or general anesthesia. Long acting local anesthetics assure pain free after the procedure concludes. The incision at the upper eyelids typically begins within the natural crease of the inside corner of the eye and extends to the crow's feet or laugh lines. The surgeon removes excess skin and fatty tissue through this incision. The incision line follows the natural contour of the upper eyelid and is not very visible when healed. If the upper eyelids are droopy and have excess skin, the physician tightens the muscles underneath the eyelid to correct the placement of the upper eyelid. There are two components to lower eyelid surgery, depending on individual needs. The first component is to remove excess skin that wrinkles or unevenness of the lower eyelid. To address this problem, a surgeon makes an incision just below the eyelashes and excises the excess skin. The physician re-drapes the remaining skin is over the eyelid and the closes the wound to create a well- concealed scar. The second component addressed by lower eyelid surgery is excess puffiness or bulging due to excess or protruding fat. A doctor makes an incision at the lower eyelid crease just at the base of the eyelashes, where eyeliner is normally applied, and the doctor removes excessive skin, adjusts muscle folds, reduces puffiness and removes fatty pockets. When neither skin nor muscle fold removal is required, doctors address puffiness and "bags" with a hidden incision made inside the lower eyelid without any visible external incision. Physicians close incisions with very fine specialized plastic surgery stitches, some of which are absorbable by the body, while others require removal five to seven days after an operation.

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Mental Health Professional

A mental health professional is a health care practitioner who offers services for improving an individual's mental health or to treat mental illness. This broad category includes psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, psychiatric nurses, mental health counselors as well as many other professionals. These professionals often deal with the same illnesses, disorders, conditions, and issues; however, their scope of practice differs. The most significant difference between mental health professionals are the laws regarding required education and training across the various professions. Mental health professionals exist to improve the mental health of individuals, couples, and families. Because mental health covers a wide range of elements, the scope of practice greatly varies between professionals. Some professionals may enhance relationships while others treat specific mental disorders and illness. Often, as with the case of psychiatrists and psychologists, the scope of practice may overlap. Most qualified mental health professionals will refer a patient or client to another professional if the specific type of treatment needed is outside of their scope of practice. Additionally, many mental health professionals may sometimes work together using a variety of treatment options such as concurrent psychiatric medication and psychotherapy. Additionally, specific mental health professionals may be utilized based upon their cultural and religious background or experience. Psychiatrists are physicians and one of the few professionals in the mental health industry who specialize and are certified in treating mental illness using the biomedical approach to mental disorders including the use of medications. Psychiatrists may also go through significant training to conduct psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy; however, psychologists and clinical psychologists specialize in the research and clinical application of these techniques. The amount of training a psychiatrist holds in providing these types of therapies varies from program to program and differs greatly based upon region. A clinical psychologist studies and applies psychology for understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. In many countries, a regulated profession addresses moderate to more severe or chronic psychological problems, including diagnosable mental disorders. Clinical psychology includes a wide range of practices, such as research, psychological assessment, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. Central to clinical psychology is the practice of psychotherapy, which uses a wide range of techniques to change thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in service to enhancing subjective well-being, mental health, and life functioning. Unlike other mental health professionals, psychologists are trained to conduct psychological assessment. Clinical psychologists can work with individuals, couples, children, older adults, families, small groups, and communities. Counseling generally involves helping people with what might be considered "normal" or "moderate" psychological problems, such as the feelings of anxiety or sadness resulting from major life changes or events.[16][17] As such, counseling psychologists often help people adjust to or cope with their environment or major events, although many also work with more serious problems as well. One may practice as a counseling psychologist with a PhD or EdD, and as a counseling psychotherapist with a Masters degree. Compared with clinical psychology, there are fewer counseling psychology graduate programs (which are commonly housed in departments of education), counselors tend to conduct more vocational assessment and less projective or objective assessment, and they are more likely to work in public service or university clinics (rather than hospitals or private practice). Despite these differences, there is considerable overlap between the two fields and distinctions between them continue to fade. 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